What is Influenza?
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can cause mild to severe illness and can lead to hospitalization and even death.
The flu is characterized by symptoms such as:
- fever,
- cough,
- sore throat,
- runny or stuffy nose,
- body aches,
- headache,
- chills,
- and fatigue.
Influenza viruses are categorized into types A, B, C, and D, with types A and B being the most common in humans. Influenza is a significant public health concern, and vaccination is the most effective way to prevent the flu [1].
What is Parainfluenza?
Parainfluenza refers to a group of human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs). There are four viruses in this group, and each one causes different symptoms and illnesses. All forms of HPIV cause an infection in either the upper or lower respiratory area of a person’s body. Symptoms of HPIVs are often similar to those of the common cold. When cases are mild, the viruses may be misdiagnosed.
Most people who contract HPIV recover with no treatment. However, someone with a weakened immune system has a higher risk of developing a life-threatening infection or complications. Parainfluenza viruses commonly cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections, particularly in children. They can cause various respiratory illnesses, from mild upper respiratory tract infections to bronchiolitis and pneumonia [1].
Flu vs Para Flu: Symptoms
Fever is a common symptom of influenza. This can often be high and is usually accompanied by a feeling of being unwell.
Cough is another common symptom of influenza. This can be dry or can produce phlegm. A sore throat can also occur with influenza. This can make it difficult to swallow and can also lead to a loss of appetite.
The symptoms of parainfluenza can often resemble those of the common cold.
One of the most common symptoms is a fever. This is often accompanied by a cough, which can sometimes be severe.
Another common symptom is a stuffy nose. This can make it difficult to breathe and can also lead to a sore throat.
Shortness of breath is another symptom that can occur with parainfluenza. This can be particularly concerning and may require immediate medical attention.
Wheezing is also a common symptom of parainfluenza. This is a high-pitched whistling sound that occurs when you breathe.
Ear pain can also occur with parainfluenza. This can be particularly uncomfortable and may also lead to difficulty sleeping.
It's important to note that these symptoms can be more severe and potentially life-threatening in infants, older adults, or anyone with a compromised or weakened immune system [1].
Flu vs Para Flu: Treatment
Parainfluenza and influenza are both respiratory viruses that can cause a range of symptoms from mild to severe. The treatment for these conditions primarily involves managing symptoms and supporting the body's immune response.
For parainfluenza, there are currently no specific antiviral medications or vaccines available. The primary treatment is supportive care, which may include over-the-counter medications to ease symptoms such as fever and discomfort. In some cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed to treat croup caused by parainfluenza [1].
However, promising research is being conducted on potential antiviral treatments. For instance, the drug Ingavirin has shown potential in restricting the infectious process in animal models [2]. Other experimental drugs, such as DAS181, have shown promise in treating severe disease in immunocompromised patients [3].
For influenza, antiviral medications such as amantadine may be beneficial [3]. These drugs can reduce the severity and duration of symptoms if taken within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms. In addition, annual vaccinations are recommended as a preventive measure against influenza [4].
It's important to note that while these treatments can help manage symptoms, they do not eliminate the virus from the body. Therefore, prevention through vaccination (for influenza) and good hygiene practices is crucial.
Influenza vs Parainfluenza: Prevention
Preventing influenza and parainfluenza involves several strategies. Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent these viral infections. Influenza vaccines are safe in young infants and children six months or older and effectively prevent disease in high-risk individuals [5]. However, no vaccine prevents Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs) [1].
Another important preventive measure is maintaining good hygiene practices. Regular hand washing and disinfecting surfaces that can harbour viruses can help reduce the risk of infection. It's also advisable to avoid touching your eyes, mouth, or nose, as these are common entry points for viruses [1].
Avoiding close contact with anyone with a viral infection can also lower your risk of developing an illness. If you're sick, staying home is best to prevent transmitting the virus to others [1].
In the case of healthcare workers at increased risk of influenza, preventive measures include limiting the exposure of high-risk patients to active cases of influenza and providing chemoprophylaxis [4].
In the event of an influenza outbreak, antiviral prophylaxis can be used to control small outbreaks and to protect household contacts of high-risk populations who have not been vaccinated [6].